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By public health standards, air quality within the City of Madison has already surpassed the threshold level of particulates within the air from motor vehicle and other combustion emission sources at which the Department of Natural Resources has had to issue an air quality health advisory. Particulate levels in Madison and vicinity's air during 2005 exceeded safe levels a total of 9 days during 2005.
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On those days, the DNR had to issue an advisory to the public in the Madison area to use caution and try to reduce their exposure to particulate levels of pollution, and to reduce driving and other activities that contribute to combustion emissions.
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The air quality index for the Madison area on those days registered into the "orange level", the level at which the DNR, and the U.S. EPA, consider the air to be unhealthy for people in sensitive groups, such as those with heart or lung disease, asthma, older adults and all children, and including people who are not in sensitive groups but who are engaged in strenuous activities, or who are exposed for prolonged periods of time.
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Under an orange level advisory, all people are advised to reschedule or cut back on strenuous activities activities. People with lung diseases, such as asthma and bronchitis and heart disease, are advised to pay attention to cardiac symptoms like chest pain and
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similar program for particulate pollutants) and requests they cut back on driving and other fuel burning during the day.
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There is ample scientific basis for the DNR to issue public health advisories when the levels of particulates in the air exceed the safety threshold levels for particulates, and for Dane County to issue Clean Air Action Days. Numerous scientific studies show higher hospitalization rates for asthmatics, and increased prevalence of childhood leukemia and other forms of cancer, and a higher incidence of heart attacks and strokes in populations that live near heavily traveled roads.
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A study conducted in San Diego County in the 1990s showed residents who already had asthma reported more trips to hospitals if they lived within a distance of within 550 feet to a heavily traveled highway.1
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According to a study published in the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, living near a busy road could also increase a child's chances of getting bronchitis or asthma in the first place.2
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It is the fine pollution particles (the mostly unseen ones) that are emitted from operating motor vehicle emissions which are the most injurious as they lodge deep into human lung tissue. The problem occurs most frequently in children because children are more likely
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attacks, bronchitis, heart attack, stroke and cancer. A report prepared by the Sierra Club documents many other of the known health hazards for people who live near heavily traveled highways.6
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Recently, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has issued proposed revisions to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for particle pollution that reduce even further the number of fine particles that can be present in the air for it to be considered in compliance with the Clean Air Act. Presently, the annual (average) standard for fine particulates is 15 micrograms per cubic meter and that standard would remain unchanged. The current daily (maximum)
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the strong scientific consensus by an independent outside scientific review panel and the EPA's own staff scientists that stricter standards are needed to protect public the health, EPA is proposing the standards anyway.
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The Association claims EPA's proposed annual standard of 15 micro grams (ug) of particles per cubic meter and daily standard of 35 ug particles per cubic meter annual average standard should be reduced to 12 and 25 ug, respectively. Additionally, the Association
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states.
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What is needed to protect the health of Madison's resident population is a plan to reduce the overall increases in fuel burning in Madison so that health advisories and clean air action alerts don't need to
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overall levels of motor vehicle driving in and around Madison.
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Reducing the annual number of motor vehicle miles driven in and around Madison by 20% by the year 2015 would help ensure Madison's air remains healthy to breathe and in compliance with the Federal Clean Air Act requirements.
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A 20% reduction in motor vehicle miles driven in Madison would also reduce traffic congestion, the potential for collisions and automobile-pedestrian and automobile-bicycling conflicts, and reduce the need for highway/street capacity expansion and maintenance. It
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2002), the Madison Common Council recognized that local actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase energy efficiency provide many other local benefits including decreased air pollution, more jobs, reduced energy expenditures, and money saved for City government, its businesses and its citizens, in addition to helping to preserve Madison's hospitable climate for the future.
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"Increasingly, cities are providing the answers to some of America's toughest problems. So it's fitting that we're leading the way on global warming as well", said Mayor Dave Cieslewicz in May 2005 upon his signing of the U.S. Mayor Climate Protection Agreement, which
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Dane County missed out on being among the healthiest counties due to its poor air quality score.
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The study attributed the poorer air quality in Dane County to too much motor vehicle traffic and suggested alternatives to automobile use along with stronger adherence to smart urban planning as a way to move up in the statewide county health rankings in 2006.8
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In conclusion, the City of Madison's Comprehensive Plan should include the goal of reducing motor vehicle miles traveled in the city by at least 20% of its current volume within ten years. This would make Madison's and Dane County's air cleaner to breathe, its sidewalks and bicycle paths safer and its economy and population more
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during the same period. Clearly, Dane County, Madison and residents of other south central counties surrounding Madison are driving more miles today than ever before. It's time to drive less. Driving twenty percent less, on average, shouldn't be all that difficult. It's for a good cause.
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Per capita VMT in Dane County (a surrogate for the amount of driving done by Madisonions) grew from 8,172 miles per capita (MPC) in 1990 to 10,871 (MPC) in 2004 (a 33% increase).
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A 20% reduction in VMT using the county's current population would therefore amount to a reduction in vehicle miles traveled per capita per year to 8,697 miles, which still exceeds the average number of
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